ABSTRACT
Ischemic heart disease can lead to myocardial infarction (MI), a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Adoptive transfer of multiple stem cell types into failing human hearts has demonstrated safety however the beneficial effects in patients with cardiovascular disorders have been modest. Modest improvement in patients with cardiac complications warrants identification of a novel stem cell population that possesses effective reparative properties and improves cardiac function after injury. Recently we have shown in a mouse model and a porcine pre-clinical animal model, that cortical bone derived stem cells (CBSCs) enhance cardiac function after MI and/or ischemia-reperfusion injury. These beneficial effects of allogeneic cell delivery appear to be mediated by paracrine mechanisms rather than by transdifferentiation of injected cells into vessels and/or immature myocytes. This review will discuss role of CBSCs in cardiac wound healing. After having modest beneficial improvement in most of the clinical trials, a critical need is to understand the interaction of the transplanted stem cells with the ischemic cardiac environment. Transplanted stem cells are exposed to pro-inflammatory factors and activated immune cells and fibroblasts, but their interactions remain unknown. We have shown that CBSCs modulate different processes including modulation of the immune response, angiogenesis, and restriction of infarct sizes after cardiac injury. This review will provide information on unique protective signature of CBSCs in rodent/swine animal models for heart repair that should provide basis for developing novel therapies for treating heart failure patients.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Adoptive Transfer , Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy , Fibroblasts , Fibrosis , Heart , Heart Failure , Immunomodulation , Models, Animal , Mortality , Muscle Cells , Myocardial Infarction , Myocardial Ischemia , Reperfusion Injury , Stem Cells , Wound Healing , Wounds and InjuriesABSTRACT
Ischemic heart disease can lead to myocardial infarction (MI), a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Adoptive transfer of multiple stem cell types into failing human hearts has demonstrated safety however the beneficial effects in patients with cardiovascular disorders have been modest. Modest improvement in patients with cardiac complications warrants identification of a novel stem cell population that possesses effective reparative properties and improves cardiac function after injury. Recently we have shown in a mouse model and a porcine pre-clinical animal model, that cortical bone derived stem cells (CBSCs) enhance cardiac function after MI and/or ischemia-reperfusion injury. These beneficial effects of allogeneic cell delivery appear to be mediated by paracrine mechanisms rather than by transdifferentiation of injected cells into vessels and/or immature myocytes. This review will discuss role of CBSCs in cardiac wound healing. After having modest beneficial improvement in most of the clinical trials, a critical need is to understand the interaction of the transplanted stem cells with the ischemic cardiac environment. Transplanted stem cells are exposed to pro-inflammatory factors and activated immune cells and fibroblasts, but their interactions remain unknown. We have shown that CBSCs modulate different processes including modulation of the immune response, angiogenesis, and restriction of infarct sizes after cardiac injury. This review will provide information on unique protective signature of CBSCs in rodent/swine animal models for heart repair that should provide basis for developing novel therapies for treating heart failure patients.
ABSTRACT
Orthodontic brackets manufacturer does not reveal their actual slot height. Tolerance if present in bracket slot can lead to poor three-dimensional control of teeth. This study was done to determine the manufacturer tolerance in slot height of maxillary canine brackets.Mesial and distal slots of one hundred and forty stainless steel maxillary canine brackets of seven commercial brands in 0.022-inch ["] slot were measured individually with leaf gauges of 0.01millime-ter [mm] thickness. Digital readout in inches of leaf gauges was attained by micrometer. Descriptive statistics were generated for bracket slot height and one sample T test was used to check whether significant tolerance exist in slot height. A p value < 0.05 was considered as significant.Smallest mean slot height of 0.0233+.0006 " was noted in mesial slot of Db orthodontics brackets while largest mean height of 0.0258+.0015 " were present in mesial slot of Mesal brackets. Maximum slot height of 0.028 " was noted in Precise and Sia brackets. Increase tolerance in brackets were noted in the range of 5.9 to 17.2%. A p value < 0.05 was found in all the slot heights under study showing significant difference from acceptable tolerance.All the bracket series have significant oversized slot height on both mesial and distal aspect. Eu-ropean orthodontic brackets were closer to standards than brackets manufactured in USA